Examples: cartography card archaeology archetype monarchy legal loyal purse personal cinema kinase car carpenter hippopotamus Mesopotamia dative data date
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Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti

→ English be (derived)
→ English is (inherited)
→ English are (inherited)
→ Avestan 𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬍 (inherited)
→ Old English sind (mention)
→ Catalan ser (inherited)
→ Catalan ésser (inherited)
→ Corsican esse (inherited)
→ Welsh ys (inherited)
→ Danish est (inherited)
→ German bist (derived)
→ Emilian êser (inherited)
→ Middle English is (inherited)
→ Middle English been (mention)
→ Middle English sind (inherited)
→ Esperanto esti (derived)
→ Spanish es (inherited)
→ Spanish ser (inherited)
→ Persian است (inherited)
→ French est (inherited)
→ Gothic 𐌹𐍃𐍄 (inherited)
→ Ancient Greek ἐστί (inherited)
→ Alemannic German isch (inherited)
→ Hittite 𒂊𒌍𒍣 (inherited)
→ Hittite 𒀀𒊭𒀀𒀭𒍝 (derived)
→ Ashokan Prakrit 𑀅𑀲𑁆𑀢𑀺 (inherited)
→ Italian essere (inherited)
→ Italian è (derived)
→ Kalasha ásik (inherited)
→ Northern Kurdish -î (derived)
→ Konkani आस्चे (inherited)
→ Latin ir (derived(la/es))
→ Latin est (derived)
→ Latgalian byut (derived)
→ Norwegian Bokmål absentere (derived)
→ Norwegian Bokmål absentering (derived)
→ Middle Persian 𐭠𐭩𐭲𐭩 (inherited)
→ Middle Persian 𐭫𐭥𐭩𐭲 (inherited)
→ Old Persian 𐎠𐎿𐎫𐎡𐎹 (inherited)
→ Portuguese ser (inherited)
→ Romagnol l'è (derived)
→ Romanian fi (inherited)
→ Romanian este (inherited)