German strafen

← Proto-Germanic *strēpōną (inherited)

← Middle High German strāfen (inherited)

← Luxembourgish strofen (cognate)

← Dutch straffen (cognate)

→ English strafe (borrowed)

→ English strafe (mention)

→ German bestrafen (prefix)

→ German strafbar (suffix)

→ German abstrafen (prefix)

→ German strafwürdig (suffix)

→ Luxembourgish strofen (cognate)

→ Polish strofować (borrowed)

→ Russian штрафовать (borrowed)