Examples:
cartography
card
archaeology
archetype
monarchy
legal
loyal
purse
personal
cinema
kinase
car
carpenter
hippopotamus
Mesopotamia
dative
data
date
...
Portuguese
castelhano
←
Spanish
castellano
(borrowed)
←
Latin
Castellānus
(derived)
←
Latin
castellānus
(mention)
←
Portuguese
castelão
(doublet)
→
Portuguese
castelhanismo
(suffix)
→
Portuguese
castelão
(doublet)