←
Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésmi (derived)
→
Old French estre (mention)
→
Franco-Provençal estre (mention)
→
Indonesian esens (mention)
→
Ligurian êse (inherited)
→
Neapolitan esse (inherited)
→
Romagnol es (inherited)
→
Sardinian essi (inherited)
→
Sardinian èssere (inherited)
→
Sassarese assé (inherited)
→
Gallurese esse (inherited)