Examples: cartography card archaeology archetype monarchy legal loyal purse personal cinema kinase car carpenter hippopotamus Mesopotamia dative data date
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English tough
← Old English tōh (inherited)
← German zäh (cognate)
← German zach (mention)
← Middle English tough (inherited)
← Middle English towgh (mention)
← Middle English tou (mention)
← Middle English toȝ (mention)
← North Frisian tuch (mention)
← Proto-Germanic *tanhuz (inherited)
← Proto-West Germanic *tą̄h(ī) (inherited)
← Proto-Indo-European *denḱ- (root)
← Proto-Indo-European *denḱ- (derived)
← Low German tage (cognate)
← Low German taag (mention)
← Low German taë (mention)
← Low German taa (mention)
← Dutch taai (cognate)
← Scots teuch (cognate)

→ English toughen (suffix)
→ English toughie (suffix)
→ English toughness (affix)
→ English toughly (affix)
→ English ultratough (prefix)
→ English supertough (prefix)
→ English toughish (suffix)
→ English toughminded (compound)
→ English untough (prefix)
→ English semitough (prefix)
→ Danish sej (link)
→ German tough (borrowed)
→ German taff (borrowed)
→ German zäh (mention)
→ Icelandic töff (derived)
→ Japanese タフ (derived)
→ Luxembourgish zéi (cognate)
→ Norwegian Bokmål tøff (borrowed)
→ Norwegian Bokmål seig (link)
→ Norwegian Bokmål seig (link)
→ Dutch tof (borrowed)
→ Dutch taai (cognate)
→ Norwegian Nynorsk tøff (borrowed)
→ Norwegian Nynorsk seig (link)
→ Norwegian Nynorsk seig (link)
→ Swedish tuff (borrowed)