Examples:
cartography
card
archaeology
archetype
monarchy
legal
loyal
purse
personal
cinema
kinase
car
carpenter
hippopotamus
Mesopotamia
dative
data
date
...
Portuguese
espinha
←
Galician
espiña
(cognate)
←
Proto-Indo-European
*spey-
(derived)
←
Proto-Italic
*speinā
(inherited)
←
Latin
spīna
(inherited)
←
Old Portuguese
espinna
(inherited)
→
Galician
espiña
(cognate)
→
Portuguese
espinhaço
(affix)
→
Portuguese
espinhal
(suffix)