Examples:
cartography
card
archaeology
archetype
monarchy
legal
loyal
purse
personal
cinema
kinase
car
carpenter
hippopotamus
Mesopotamia
dative
data
date
...
Latin
castro
←
Proto-Indo-European
*ḱostróm
(inherited)
←
Proto-Indo-European
*ḱes-
(derived)
←
Proto-Italic
*kastrāō
(inherited)
←
Proto-Italic
*kastrom
(derived)
←
Latin
-ō
(affix)
←
Latin
castrum
(mention)
←
Latin
careō
(mention)
←
Sanskrit
शस्त्र
(cognate)
→
English
castrate
(mention)
→
Sicilian
crastu
(derived)