Examples: cartography card archaeology archetype monarchy legal loyal purse personal cinema kinase car carpenter hippopotamus Mesopotamia dative data date
...
Proto-Indo-European *ḱówHwos

→ Catalan cau (inherited)
→ Spanish cavo (inherited)
→ Galician cova (inherited)
→ Galician covo (inherited)
→ Italian cavo (inherited)
→ Portuguese cova (derived)
→ Portuguese côncavo (derived)