Examples: cartography card archaeology archetype monarchy legal loyal purse personal cinema kinase car carpenter hippopotamus Mesopotamia dative data date
...
Spanish nuez
Proto-Indo-European *knew- (derived)
Latin nux (inherited)

Catalan nou (cognate)
Dalmatian nauc (cognate)
Spanish cascanueces (affix)
Ido nuco (borrowed)
Tetelcingo Nahuatl nobiexox (mention)