Examples:
cartography
card
archaeology
archetype
monarchy
legal
loyal
purse
personal
cinema
kinase
car
carpenter
hippopotamus
Mesopotamia
dative
data
date
...
Middle English
gauge
←
Middle English
galwes
(doublet)
←
Proto-Germanic
*galgô
(derived)
→
English
gauge
(derived)
→
Middle English
gauger
(affix)
→
Middle English
gaugen
(affix)