←
Old English cyrnel (inherited)
←
Middle Dutch kernel (cognate)
←
Middle Dutch cornel (mention)
←
Middle English kernel (inherited)
←
Middle English kirnel (mention)
←
Middle English kurnel (mention)
←
Proto-Germanic *kurną (derived)
←
Middle High German kornel (cognate)
←
Proto-West Germanic *kurnil (inherited)
←
Proto-Indo-European *ǵerh₂- (root)
→
Japanese カーネル (borrowed)
→
Pennsylvania German Kann (cognate)
→
Portuguese kernel (borrowed)