Examples: cartography card archaeology archetype monarchy legal loyal purse personal cinema kinase car carpenter hippopotamus Mesopotamia dative data date
...
Turkish kapmak
← Proto-Indo-European *kap- (cognate)
← Old Turkic kap- (derived)
← Proto-Turkic *Kap- (mention)

→ Azerbaijani qapmaq (cognate)
→ Tajik капидан (mention)
→ Turkish kaplan (affix)
→ Turkish kapan (mention)