Japanese 文化

← Middle Chinese 文化 (learned borrowing)

→ Japanese 文化人 (suffix)

→ Japanese 下位文化 (affix)

→ Japanese 国際連合教育科学文化機関 (affix)

→ Japanese 文化遺産 (compound)

→ Korean 문화 (orthographic borrowing)

→ Vietnamese văn hoá (borrowed)