Examples: cartography card archaeology archetype monarchy legal loyal purse personal cinema kinase car carpenter hippopotamus Mesopotamia dative data date
...
Proto-Italic *fāgos

→ Catalan faig (inherited)
→ Spanish haya (inherited)
→ Italian faggio (derived)
→ Latin fagus (inherited)
→ Ligurian fò (inherited)
→ Romanian fag (inherited)