Examples: cartography card archaeology archetype monarchy legal loyal purse personal cinema kinase car carpenter hippopotamus Mesopotamia dative data date
...
Gothic -π‰πŒ½πŒ³πƒ
← Proto-Germanic *-ōndz (inherited)

β†’ English -ing (mention)
β†’ Gothic π†π‚πŒΉπŒΎπ‰πŒ½πŒ³πƒ (affix)
β†’ Gothic π†π‚πŒ°πŒΏπŒΎπŒΉπŒ½π‰πŒ½πŒ³πƒ (affix)