Examples: cartography card archaeology archetype monarchy legal loyal purse personal cinema kinase car carpenter hippopotamus Mesopotamia dative data date
...
Gothic -πŒ°πŒ½πŒ³πƒ
← Proto-Germanic *-andz (inherited)

β†’ English -ing (cognate)
β†’ Gothic π†πŒΉπŒΎπŒ°πŒ½πŒ³πƒ (affix)
β†’ Gothic πŒ³πŒ°πŒ²πŒ°πŒ½πŒ³πƒ (affix)