Examples:
cartography
card
archaeology
archetype
monarchy
legal
loyal
purse
personal
cinema
kinase
car
carpenter
hippopotamus
Mesopotamia
dative
data
date
...
Spanish
oruga
←
English
arugula
(mention)
←
Proto-Indo-European
*ǵʰer(s)-uk-eh₂
(inherited)
←
Proto-Indo-European
*ǵʰers-
(derived)
←
Latin
ērūca
(inherited)
←
Old Spanish
oruga
(inherited)
→
Spanish
oruguero
(affix)
→
Galician
eiruga
(cognate)