Examples: cartography card archaeology archetype monarchy legal loyal purse personal cinema kinase car carpenter hippopotamus Mesopotamia dative data date
...
Welsh galw
Proto-Brythonic *gėlwɨd (inherited)
English call (cognate)
Proto-Indo-European *gʰel- (derived)
Latin gallus (cognate)

English call (cognate)
Welsh galwad (affix)
Welsh galwedig (affix)
Latin gallus (mention)
Latvian gailis (cognate)
Albanian gjegje (cognate)