Examples:
cartography
card
archaeology
archetype
monarchy
legal
loyal
purse
personal
cinema
kinase
car
carpenter
hippopotamus
Mesopotamia
dative
data
date
...
Catalan
vall
←
Latin
vallis
(inherited)
←
Occitan
val
(cognate)
←
Occitan
vau
(mention)
←
Occitan
vath
(mention)
←
Old Occitan
(inherited)
→
Catalan
pallissa
(mention)
→
Catalan
avall
(compound)
→
Galician
devalar
(prefix)