Examples: cartography card archaeology archetype monarchy legal loyal purse personal cinema kinase car carpenter hippopotamus Mesopotamia dative data date
...
Old English heretoga
Old English here (affix)
Old English *toga (affix)
Proto-West Germanic *harjatogō (inherited)
Proto-Indo-European *ker- (root)

English duke (cognate)
English heretog (derived)
English heretoga (learned borrowing)
Middle English heretowa (inherited)