Old English -nian

← Proto-Germanic *-inōną (inherited)

← Old High German -inōn (cognate)

← Old Norse -na (cognate)

← Old Saxon -nōn (cognate)

→ English -en (inherited)

→ Old English æwnian (affix)

→ Old English fæstnian (affix)

→ Old English staþolfæstnian (affix)

→ Middle English -en (inherited)